ASIAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ENERGY CONSERVATION

(TERM PAPER)

Submitted by:

Carissa B. Nabong

Submitted to:

Mr. Chino Arvie Santos

NSTP teacher

DATE:

October 21, 2008

Section:

BSBA-B1A1

Why do we need to conserve our energy? We need to conserve energy because its not renewable meaning to say that it never replace once it has been use up. If we do not conserve it we are the one who will suffer at the end. Nowadays, we can say that the demand in energy is too high because of the globalization. But there are many people who advocate lessening it for us to be saved. So how we define energy conservation?

If we are talking to Energy conservation it is a way or technique to lessen up the energy costs. It is about decreasing the use of electricity whereby we can save up not only money but also efforts and time. For example, instead of using air conditioning at home alone we use electric fans to lessen the costs of the electricity. But the true meaning of energy conservation base on my research on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy is practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used. According to this, energy conservation may be achieved through efficient energy use, in which case energy use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced consumption of energy services. Include, energy conservation may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national security, personal security, and human comfort. Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce energy costs and promote economic security. Industrial and commercial users may want to increase efficiency and thus maximize profit.

Why must we need to conserve the energy? The need for conserving energy is as high as the need for its consumption. Energy for all we know is a non-renewable resource meaning to say that if it’s all used up we cannot have it renewed unlike others. Base on this website energy conservation is an important element of energy policy because it reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and thus offsets the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and the need for new power plants, and energy imports. In that way the reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy production. By reducing emissions, energy conservation is an important part of lessening climate changes. Energy conservation facilitates the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable resources. Energy conservation is often the most economical solution to energy shortages, and is a more environmentally benign alternative to increased energy production. But for me, we need to conserve it because we know that energy means the ability to do work. According to this it comes in different forms; heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. Energy is in everything. We use energy to do everything we do, going to school, doing our wants and doing some business to others especially in our course; energy is there, making sure we have the power to do it all. Base on my research there are two types of energy; stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food you eat contains chemical energy, and your body stores this energy until you release it when you work or play. All forms of energy are stored in different ways, in the energy sources that we use every day. These sources are divided into two groups; renewable meaning an energy source that can be replenished in a short period of time and nonrenewable an energy source that we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of time. Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources can be used to produce secondary energy sources including electricity and hydrogen. Renewable energy sources include solar energy, which comes from the sun and can be turned into electricity and heat. Wind, geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and hydropower and ocean energy from water are also renewable energy sources.

However, we get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy sources, which include the fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal. They're called fossil fuels because they were formed over millions and millions of years by the action of heat from the Earth's core and pressure from rock and soil on the remains (or "fossils") of dead plants and animals. Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split: through a process called nuclear fission, to create heat and ultimately electricity. We use all these energy sources to generate the electricity we need for our homes, businesses, schools, and factories. Electricity "energizes" our computers, lights, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners, to name only a few uses. We use energy to run our cars and trucks. Both the gasoline used in our cars, and the diesel fuels used in trucks are made from oil. The propane that fuels our outdoor grills and makes hot air balloons soar is made from oil and natural gas.

There are different forms of energy, which is our source of our living. Thermal Energy is the total energy of the particles that make up a mass. Thermal energy is internal. Heat is a transfer of energy from one part of a substance to another or from one object to another, because of a difference in temperature. Heat is a form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and is capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation. Heat is not contained in a mass; an object contains thermal energy. Light Energy sometimes called radiant energy and is visible to the human eye. Moving charged particles emits it. Light sometimes behaves like particles, called photons, and at other times like waves. Chemical Energy the potential energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule. Food is essentially stored potential energy. Nuclear Energy means energy that is released when the nuclei of atoms are split (fission) or fused together (fusion). Electrical Energy is the energy that runs our appliances at homes.

Electricity and hydrogen are different from the other energy sources because they are secondary sources of energy. Secondary sources of energy; energy carriers-are used to store, move, and deliver energy in easily usable form. They have to use another energy source to make electricity or hydrogen. In the United States, coal is the number one energy source for generating electricity. Today the cheapest way to get hydrogen is by separating it from natural gas, a nonrenewable energy source. Hydrogen can also be separated from water and from renewable but hydrogen made from these sources is currently too expensive to compete with other fuels. Scientists are working on ways to make hydrogen from water and renewable more affordable.

From the given of different forms of energy above I choose all as the most be prioritize but as a college student I may take the side of electrical energy as my first choice to be the first to conserve. It is undoubtedly the primary source of energy consumption in any modern household. Most electrical energy is supplied by commercial power plants. The most common power plants are fueled by coal, oil, or nuclear fuel. But there are hydroelectric power plants that capture the power of falling water, geothermal plants that use the heat from beneath the earths crust, and wind farms that capture the energy of wind. And finally, electrical power from solar radiation is steadily gaining ground. Not only that, I can also state that because of the globalization, there are many high-tech gadgets that are being release by those rich countries. Those gadgets need electricity to power up and to use by us. Nowadays, I can say that the demand of electricity here is very high, especially the fuels that we import from the countries that rich of it.

According to www.wikipedia.com, Electricity comes from the Greek word electron, meaning amber, and finally from New Latin ēlectricus, "amber-like", is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction. But in general usage, the word 'electricity' is adequate to refer to a number of physical effects. However, in scientific usage, the term is vague, and these related, but distinct, concepts are better identified by more precise terms: Electric charge – a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions and electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields, Electric current – a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes, Electric field – an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity, Electric potential – the capacity of an electric field to do work, typically measured in volts, Electromagnetism – a fundamental interaction between the magnetic field and the presence and motion of an electric charge. Base on this Electricity has been studied since antiquity, though scientific advances were not forthcoming until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It would not be until the late nineteenth century, however, that engineers were able to put electricity to industrial and residential use. This period witnessed a rapid expansion in the development of electrical technology. Electricity's extraordinary versatility as a source of energy means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications, which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. The backbone of modern industrial society is, and for the foreseeable future can be expected to remain, the use of electrical power. So, by means of this meaning about electricity it capture the whole thing that what electricity all about and why we need to prioritize it first.

But it suddenly came up to my mind how to prove that we should prioritize first the electricity. From my research on www.wikipedia.com about the history of electricity it said that long before any knowledge of electricity existed people were aware of shocks from electric fishes. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BC referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. They were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and torpedo rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning applied to the electric ray. That certain objects such as rods of amber could be rubbed with cat's fur and attract light objects like feathers was known to ancient cultures around the Mediterranean. Thales of Miletos made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English physician William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus meaning "of amber" or "like amber", from elektron, the Greek word for "amber" that refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay conducted further work. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. He observed a succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand, showing that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. In 1791 Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which nerve cells passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Orsted and André-Marie Ampere in 1819-1820; Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and George Ohm mathematically analyzed the electrical circuit in 1827. The late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, Ernest Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin, electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution.

But we sometimes confuse about the difference of electricity to electrical energy? Base on wikipedia, I’d searched that Electricity is a manufactured product. It is not something you pump out of the ground or mine or collect from the sun or wind. Electric power is manufactured from a rotating machine that we call an electrical generator. After it is generated or manufactured it is then delivered through copper wires to where it is utilized. It is the most people don't understand what it is. They just turn on the light switch or start the appliance or push the button and something works. It's only when there is no electric power available that we start to consider the importance of it in our daily personal and working lives. But the invention of the machine to generate power is right next to the invention of the printing press in the list of major contributions to the advancement of human civilization. Without it, we would be burning wood and coal to heat our homes and businesses and using oil and candles to light our way in the dark. That is the way it was for human’s civilization for countless centuries. Only since the invention of the electric generator have humans been able to advance in every aspect of modern life. In fact, modern living is defined by electric power.

Power is a form of energy. It is the flow of electrons. When electrons are "lost" from an atom, the free movement of these electrons constitutes an electric current. Power is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get power, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before power generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and wood-burning or coal-burning stoves warmed rooms. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of power gradually became understood. In the mid-1800s, Thomas Edison changed everyone's life -- he perfected his invention: the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, power had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. Edison's invention used power to bring indoor lighting to our homes. And the inventor of Electricity is from the writings of Thales of Miletus it appears that Westerners knew as long ago as 600 B.C. that amber becomes charged by rubbing. There was little real progress until the English scientist William Gilbert in 1600 described the electrification of many substances and coined the term electricity from the Greek word for amber. As a result, Gilbert is called the father of modern electricity. In 1660 Otto von Guericke invented a crude machine for producing static electricity. It was a ball of sulfur, rotated by a crank with one hand and rubbed with the other. Successors, such as Francis Hauksbee, made improvements that provided experimenters with a ready source of static electricity. Today's highly developed descendant of these early machines is the Van de Graaf generator, which is sometimes used as a particle accelerator. Robert Boyle realized that attraction and repulsion were mutual and that electric force was transmitted through a vacuum. Stephen Gray distinguished between conductors and nonconductors. C. F. Du Fay recognized two kinds of electricity, which Benjamin Franklin and Ebenezer Kinnersley of Philadelphia later named positive and negative.

Progress quickened after Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar in 1745. The Leyden jar stored static electricity, which could be discharged all at once. In 1747 William Watson discharged a Leyden jar through a circuit, and comprehension of the current and circuit started a new field of experimentation. Henry Cavendish, by measuring the conductivity of materials (he compared the simultaneous shocks he received by discharging Leyden jars through the materials), and Charles A. Coulomb, by expressing mathematically the attraction of electrified bodies, began the quantitative study of electricity.

A new interest in current began with the invention of the battery. Luigi Galvani had noticed (1786) that a discharge of static electricity made a frog's leg jerk. Consequent experimentation produced what was a simple electron cell using the fluids of the leg as an electrolyte and the muscle as a circuit and indicator. Galvani thought the leg-supplied electricity, but Alessandro Volta thought otherwise, and he built the voltaic pile, an early type of battery, as proof. Continuous current from batteries smoothed the way for the discovery of G. S. Ohm's law, relating current, voltage (electromotive force), and resistance, and of J. P. Joule's law of electrical heating. Ohm's law and the rules discovered later by G. R. Kirchhoff regarding the sum of the currents and the sum of the voltages in a circuit are the basic means of making circuit calculations.

In 1819 Hans Christian Oersted discovered that a magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire. Within two years André Marie Ampère had put several electromagnetic laws into mathematical form, D. F. Arago had invented the electromagnet, and Michael Faraday had devised a crude form of electric motor. Practical application of a motor had to wait 10 years, however, until Faraday (and earlier, independently, Joseph Henry) invented the electric generator with which to power the motor. A year after Faraday's laboratory approximation of the generator, Hippolyte Pixii constructed a hand-driven model. From then on engineers took over from the scientists, and a slow development followed; the first power stations were built 50 years later.
In 1873 James Clerk Maxwell had started a different path of development with equations that described the electromagnetic field, and he predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves traveling with the speed of light. Heinrich R. Hertz confirmed this prediction experimentally, and Marconi first made use of these waves in developing radio (1895). John Ambrose Fleming invented (1904) the diode rectifier vacuum tube as a detector for the Marconi radio. Three years later Lee De Forest made the diode into an amplifier by adding a third electrode, and electronics had begun. Theoretical understanding became more complete in 1897 with the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson. In 1910–11 Ernest R. Rutherford and his assistants learned the distribution of charge within the atom. Robert Millikan measured the charge on.

There are few tips on how to save our energy to be able to lessen our electricity bills and to save money while enjoying the pleasure of our home appliances. Like in colder seasons, turn down heating devices slightly or turn it off because every degree can save up to 5% in heating costs. During hot sunny weather or summer, close the curtains and cover the house to keep the area cool, reduce the need for fans or air-conditioning then the same applies during cold weather to reduce drafts and save on heating costs. Cleaning or replacing filters once in a month will improve its efficiency. Ensure floor registers and furniture, carpets or drapes, limiting effectiveness, do not block baseboard heaters. Turn off bathroom and kitchen fans when no longer required; they are pulling the heat or coolness from the house. If the guestroom is not in use adjust the thermostat until needed. Installing tempered glass doors on a fireplace can also reduce heat loss and improve efficiency. Trees can help shade exterior air-conditioning units; they'll use less energy. They also provide shade cooling and protect from drafts and winds. Plants in the pots also help us to conserve energy at home. They provide fresh air to come in our site. Small portable heaters are great for short-term use, but for long-term needs, consider installing a baseboard heater, which draws less energy. Choose a cooling and heating appliances suited to your room size because a larger unit may be wasting energy. To save on air conditioning, raise the setting by a couple of degrees; you will not notice the change, only the energy savings. Older thermostats are less efficient than newer ones, and you'll recover the cost quickly. Programmable thermostats allow you to customize temperature settings according to when you use the room.

CONCLUSION:

Therefore, I conclude that the given statements above are all about conserving energy; I state here what kind of energy we should conserve. With the help of searching in the internet I easily capture the meaning of having this kind of opportunity to make an term paper which I made a choice of what topic should I choose. If we base the situation in present time, we should really conserve energy because it is the only way to be able to survive in what we called trial in life. If we do not conserve we still the one who will suffer because of our own fault.

From the given tips above, it indicate that we really need to be serious in conserving energy because it is not a renewable. Meaning to say if we already use it we cannot recycle it and we cannot use it again. Home energy conservation tips can help towards having a more energy efficient home. Energy Efficient Home is something we should all strive for. Not only can small steps be taken to lighten the footprint we leave behind for future generations, but also these same steps can really save a bunch of money on our utility bills. Something as simple as changing a light bulb can make a dramatic difference in the energy efficiency and cost savings within our home! As what the commercial said use spiral bulb instead of using incandescent bulb to save up to 80% in electricity cost. Conservation is the key to lessen up the poverty we are going to encountered about energy soon, because there’s a possibility that the world my change and become to be a most global.